Accurate diagnosis of a PDA requires echocardiography. Echocardiography together with Doppler and color Doppler allows assessment of patency, diameter of the DA (using color Doppler), and direction of ...

An echocardiogram is an ultrasound image of the heart. Echocardiograms can help doctors diagnose a range of heart problems, such as heart failure, blood clots in the heart, and heart valve disease.

The use of serial echocardiography has dramatically enhanced the understanding of the natural history of the PDA, and it is clear that, in most situations, the diameter or degree of constriction of ...